INSR gene variation is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity in Iraqi women with PCOs

Polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS] is a complex, heterogeneous disorder of uncertain etiology with strong genetic background. Insulin resistance is present in the majority of PCOS cases with linkage and association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of insulin receptor [INSR] gene and PCOS. To examine whether the exon 17 of INSR gene contributes to genetic susceptibility to PCOS in Iraqi women and its effects on glucose tolerance test and lipid profile. Sixty-five healthy Iraqi women and eighty-four infertile women with PCOS, divided into two subgroups depending on the BMI were studied. Restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP-PCR] analysis was performed to determine the genotypes for the His 1058 C/T polymorphism at the tyrosine kinase domain in the INSR gene. Clinical, anthropometric and biochemical parameters were also estimated. The C/T polymorphism at His 1058 in exon 17 of INSR was associated with PCOS [obese and non-obese]. CC genotype frequency was higher in PCOS patients whereas TT genotype was higher in control women. Those with CC genotype had higher BMI, GTT and lipid profile than those with TT genotype. An association of C/T polymorphism at His1058 of INSR with PCOS in Iraqi women was observed. Its association with indices of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia were also noticed

An appraisal of urine cytology in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

Urine cytology has an acceptable sensitivity, and specificity that justifies its use in the current diagnostic protocol. In Iraq transitional cell carcinoma [TCC] constitute about 62.1% of bladder cancer [which ranks the third according to the results of Iraqi Cancer Registry 1995-1997]. Urine cytology used in the primary diagnosis, follow up, and in the screening programs of asymptomatic but high-risk patients. This study was conducted on 93 patients, diagnosed or clinically suspected to have TCC of the urinary bladder attending to the Urological department in AL-Kadhimiya Teaching Hospital, AL-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, and Baghdad Medical City. During the period from July 2004 to July 2005. 76 were males and 17 were females. Urine cytological examination was done to those patients using two types of stain hematoxylin and eosin, and papanicoloau stain] to detect malignant cells with the identification of the degree of differentiation, if possible, the cytological findings were correlated with the hisiopathological findings. And the cytological findings compared regarding each type of stain. Mean age of the patients was 59 year. Male.female ratio was 4.4:1. Main clinical presentation was hematuria [45.8%] of the total. Urine cytological examination has a sensitivity of 87.7%, specificity of 100% with an overall accuracy of 78% in the detection of TCC of urinary bladder. The main chief complaint of patients with TCC was haematuriawitch constitute 45.8% of the total. The percentage of highgrade cases in urine cytology was higher than that in histopathology.the percentage of cases of TCC diagnosed by papanicoloau stain was more than that diagnosed by II and E [73.24% by pap stain versus 70.42% by H and E]. Urine cytology has an acceptable sensitivity, specificity and an overall accuracy in the diagnosis of TCC of urinary bladder, and it offers a good chance for determination of the grade of the tumor especially in high grade tumor. Pap stain was better in the diagnosis of TCC

Ultra-histochemistry of carboxyl ester hydrolases in the gray matter of rabbit spinal cord

The ultra-histochemistry is a new technique that can give an idea about the anatomical and functional differentiation between cells within a tissue. The study is designed to demonstrate the activity of B- esterase in the alpha motor-neurons of the spinal cord of rabbit. Alpha naphthyl butyrate is used as a substrate for demonstration of the activity of B- esterase in the alpha motor-neurons of the spinal cord of rabbit, using light and electron microscopy for visualization. A higher activity of B-esterase was evident in alpha - II cells in comparison to the alpha - I cells by light microscopy. The details of functional significance and Ultra-structural localization of the enzymes within these cells were visualized by electron microscopy. The nuclear envelope and to a lesser extent the cytoplasm showed B-esterase activity. It is suggested that B-esterase has chemotrypsin like action and play a role in the metabolism of certain neurotransmitters

enzyme histochemical map of the septal area of the rat

The septal area occupies a key position between the limbic telencephalon and the nuclei of the diencephalon. Its physiological role and connections have recently gained much attention. To describe the pattern of distribution of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterases, succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase in the septal area correlate the results with the main neural connections of this area. Serial fresh frozen coronal sections from the septal area of the brains of 40 adult male rats were stained for the above-mentioned three enzymes. Alpha-naphthyl acetate esterases demonstrated the highest reactivity in the perikarya of the medial septal division. In the lateral septal division, the enzyme reactivity was particularly high in the neuropil. Succinate dehydrogenase was mainly localized in the neuropil. The lateral septal division revealed the highest reactivity. The perikarya of the medial septal division demonstrated high reactivity in contrast with the neuropil. Cytochrome oxidase localization was comparable with that of succinate dehydrogenase with only minor differences. A schematic map for each enzyme was revealed to provide detailed base-line knowledge for future perturbation and pathological studies

electron microscopic study of the effects of aflatoxins on skeletal muscles ultra structures and mitochondrial succinat dehydrogenase activity

The problem of using contaminated food with toxigenic fungi is still one of the most important stigmas in the field of nourishment of human and animals. Aflatoxins are one of the toxigenic fungi that draw attention for researcher. This study was designed to determine how Aflatoxins contaminated food and feeding regimen might effect and induce specific changes in the muscle. Aflatoxins producing fungi were isolated from seed samples according to method of Shotwell et al. Spore suspension were prepared according to Faraj method. Rats were fed daily with diet contaminated with the spore. The Extensor digitorum longus muscle were removed and cut into small pieces incubated in Tetrazolium solution [NBT] incubation solution. The specimens were prepared and examined by electron microscope. Animals treated with AFB[1] have shown a marked increase in body weight Haziness and loss of the banding pattern of the sarcomers was a marked feature Reaction product of succinat-dehydrogenase showed increase reaction in treated animals at the site if mitochondria. Skeletal muscle nuclei showed a pronounced effect of Aflatoxins on the nuclei, they have become pyknotic and there number were less than normal. It has been concluded that AFB[1] have a marked effects on the structure of the sarcomere and on the activity of succinic dehydrogenase enzyme of the mitochondria

controlled lectin affinity cytochemical study of sialoconjugates in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma during immunomodulatory therapy with S2-complex

The sialoconjugates of squamous cell caresnoma of the larynx treated successfully with immunotherapy by S2- complex were studied. The terminal oligosaccharides of glycoconjugates of the membranes of malignant cells were investigated using soybean agglutinin as a lectin probe and a histochemical reaction for sialic acid. Post- treatment changes included unmasking of galactose and N- acetylgalactoseamine residues of glycoconjugates as a result of loss of sialosyl residues from cell surface glycoconjugates. The loss of sialic acid residues profoundly influences the malignant behaviour of tumour cells. The results of the study may turn to be one of the fundamental aspects by which S2- complex produces its effects

Computer assisted morphometrically analysis of muscle fibbers in limb-girdle muscle dystrophy.

In order to develop a mean to follow up the dystrophic process at a historical level, muscle fibers morphometry of muscle biopsy material obtained from twelve patients suffering from limb-girdle muscular dystrophy was studied employing computer- assisted image analysis. The Diameter of equivalent circle and from AR factor of muscle fibers were measured and a bivariate surface plot was constructed from the data obtained. The plot revealed that the population of muscle fibers includes at least two subgroup regarding the morphometric parameters used. The different regions of the plot represent the proportions of muscle fibers with particular morphometric criteria. Various features of this plot were discussed in view of their implications on the identification and characterization of the morphometric phenomena in muscular dystrophy and their possible applications in clinical and experimental conditions

Computer assisted morphometry of the posterior supratemporal surface of the cerebrum

Computer morphometry of the posterior supratemporal surface of the cerebrum, combined with a study of the gross anatomical topography of fifty brains were done. 64% of the specimens showed anatomical features of dominant left hemispere in the temporal speech region, 12% on the right, and 24% were unclassifiable. Morphometeric data on the area of the planum temporale, length of its border and the angle formed by the planum together with the angle of orientation of transverse temporal gyrus were evaluated and related to the gross anatomical classification. The possible application of morphometric data on cut slices of cross sectional brain imaging techniques were discussed

Computer aided self-assessment packages in human anatomy

Seven basic program have been developed for self-evaluation of student's knowledge of human anatomy ranging widely over several regions of the human body. Several types of multiple choice questions have been selected so that each program represents a model upon which other similar programs can be coined. Questions are made more effective and usefull than the traditional written inflexible tests by representing them on a versatile diagram or a combination of diagrams by randomizing their appearance in each run, and by the fact that answers are readily available and scores are automatically calculated